A Comparison of Booker T. Washington’s and W.E.B. Dubois’ Approaches to Assimilation Using Blacks and Asian Americans as Models - Literature Essay Samples

In some sense, the stage for the debate over how best to address racial inequality was set by Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois. In the aftermath of the civil war, these two leading Black figures put forth their contrasting ideas. Towards the long term goal of complete assimilation of Blacks into mainstream society, Washington advocated an emphasis on steady economic growth, while Dubois put more emphasis on immediate political agitation. There has never been a clear, evidence-based method to compare the two theoretical approaches, because they are almost mutually exclusive. However, in modern times America’s minority has expanded to include groups other than Black, such as Asians, and these two groups can be compared as concrete examples of the Washington plan and the Dubois plan. It is clear through the course of history that African Americans have traveled the Dubois route, as they have definitely had a history of agitation for political rights, litigation, and so fort h. On the other hand, Asians have gone more the Washington route, as they have pursued a more economic approach and remain relatively apolitical even today. Thus, weighing Black and Asian success or assimilation in American society can be seen as an indirect way of weighing the merit of Dubois’ and Washington’s theories. However, there are several limitations to extending Dubois’ and Washington’s theories directly to the present: the radically changed political landscape, and Asian Americans’ immigrant status and render both theories unsatisfactory. However, a combination of both theories may be a viable approach toward assimilation. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois were giants in their time; they are arguably the most well-known Black leaders in American history, taught in every American History class. Their approaches to solving â€Å"the Negro problem† were distinctly different. Washington was by far the more conservative, even cri ticized as submissive by Dubois. In short, he believed that Blacks should cease clamoring for political rights for which they were not ready, and focus instead on reinforcing Black economic power. In his famous Atlanta Exposition, he argued that Blacks should â€Å"stand by you with a devotion that no foreigner can approach, ready to lay down our lives, if need be, in defense of yours, interlacing our industrial, commercial, civil, and religious life with yours in a way that shall make the interests of both races one† (Washington, 148). He believed that after more assimilation in the private realms of human life (e.g., economic and social), political rights would naturally come; obnoxiously agitating for them would only create more bitterness and resistance on the part of Whites. While his is not the most empowering stance, it is ultimately framed as a practical one. Dubois, on the other hand, disagreed bitterly. The challenge Dubois throws out as follows: â€Å"Is it possib le, and probable, that nine millions of men can make effective progress in economic lines if they are deprived of political rights, made a servile caste, and allowed only the most meagre chance for developing their exceptional men? If history and reason give any distinct answer to these questions, it is an emphatic No.† (http://www.bartleby.com/114/3.html). In short, political rights are absolutely necessary for progress, and Blacks should demand civic equality immediately. The hypothetical future Washington predicts where Blacks will be â€Å"accorded all the political rights which his ability, character, and material possessions entitle him to† (Washington, 155) will simply not occur because Blacks cannot make material gains without the relevant political equality to back them up. When these two views were put forth, it was extremely difficult to weigh them with direct evidence because they were only abstract plans, theories for the future. Until Blacks walked down o ne road or the other, no one could say for certain what would really happen. Now, a hundred years later, we have the benefit of perspective. Not only do we see that Blacks have indeed agitated for and gained political rights, we can also examine another prominent minority group, Asians, who have traveled the other route by focusing primarily on economic progress. As a result, the two groups have assimilated into mainstream American society in radically different ways. Asians have assimilated extraordinarily well in most â€Å"private† areas—that is, economically and socially, but have fared less well in the public or political arenas. Blacks have exhibited the exact opposite trends. For example, in terms of residential integration, Asians and Pacific Islanders live in the most diverse neighborhoods, while Black neighborhoods are only less segregated than White populations, living on average in neighborhoods 60% Black and 30% White (Blank, 38). As of 1990, Blacks had t he highest proportion of endogamous marriages (92% for males and 97% for females), whereas Asian Americans had the lowest percentage (39% for males, and 34% for females) (Alba and Nee, 265). The discrepancy is striking, to say the least. The list goes on: Asian-American median income is $54,000 as compared to $29,000 for Blacks. 44% of Asian Americans have a college education or more, as compared to 17% of Blacks (Lecture 14, slide 6). Basically, on every indicator of social assimilation, Asians far outdo Blacks, demonstrating their extraordinary success in assimilating into American society on the private front. On the other hand, Blacks are far more politically incorporated. In terms of politics, â€Å"Blacks participate at the same rate as Whites† (Lecture 7, slide 10), whereas Asians have very low rates of voting (Lecture 14, slide 9). They are far more politically visible than Asians, and have more political clout. Thus, both groups are incompletely assimilated, but in r adically different ways. If both groups have followed plans whose ultimate end was total assimilation and equality, it is certainly a worthwhile question to ask why the two groups look so different and why both are still incompletely assimilated. Thus, we can weigh the original theories put forth by Washington and Dubois. As was mentioned before, Blacks have largely ended up following Dubois’ plan of political agitation. According to his theory, political gains should enhance economic progress—indeed, the two should go hand in hand. It should therefore come as a surprise, then, to find that the largest economic gains Blacks have made were well before the Civil Rights Movement, and growth actually dropped after that. â€Å"In fact, the growth of the black middle class long predates the adoption of race-conscious social policies. In some ways, indeed, the black middle class was expanding more rapidly before 1970 than after† (Thernstrom, 185). More concretely, à ¢â‚¬Å"Since 1970 progress in cutting the racial gap in incomes has been much slower than in the preceding three decades† (Thernstrom, 195). By 1970, Blacks males had narrowed the income gap by a third, and Black women by even more. After 1970, though, advances have been much less. In short, Black economic progress was fastest in the decades before 1970, and slowed down thereafter. However, the key point is that Black political progress has followed the opposite trend in time; before 1970, there were only a handful of Black elected officials: no more than 103 at the time the Civil Rights Act was passed (Thernstrom, 289). After the Civil Rights Act, though, Black representation jumped dramatically, to the point where by 1994 there were 8,406 Black elected officials (Thernstrom, 289). Thus, the fastest economic progress occurred before the Civil Rights Movement and their fastest political progress. The conspicuous lack of correlation between economic and political progress strike s a major blow to Dubois’ theory. In fact, one might even be able to argue that Blacks political focus has not helped economic assimilation, but even harmed it. Today, mostly as a result of the Civil Rights Movement, Blacks have a great deal more equality under law than before, yet Dubois’ theory still does not account for their lagging numbers on SES indicators. Political participation was supposed to ensure Blacks the power to protect themselves and give them the tools for assimilation in other arenas. However, the Civil Rights Movement so changed the political landscape that Dubois’ theory and Black political participation has only been able to go so far in helping Black assimilation. During the Civil Rights Era, Paul Frymer argues that â€Å"Kennedy’s death, the civil rights movement’s ability to galvanize public opinion and place pressure on the national government, and fears of foreign policy officials that the communist and potentially com munist world was watching helped provide the necessary incentives for the Democratic-controlled government to finally pass a number of significant pieces of legislation in the mid-1960s† (Frymer, 99). Now, however, those other circumstances have changed, and moreover society looks equal enough such that the necessity of special governmental programs to assist minorities is questionable among the White majority. Thus, while Blacks have voted overwhelmingly for the Democratic party since the Civil Rights Era, today their interests are not represented by the Democrats, who â€Å"fear making appeals to black voters because they fear that the salience of blacks will overwhelm an electoral coalition of white voters united by largely economic concerns† (Frymer, 10). Democrats would rather distance themselves from ideologically â€Å"left† Black interests in favor of attracting White swing voters. Unfortunately, the Republican Party is even less of a choice for most Bla cks, so the Democrats can safely count on the Black vote without having to represent Black interests. This political situation leaves Blacks marginalized and disillusioned with the new political system, with their political interests nowhere on the agenda. This is exactly Frymer’s profile for a â€Å"captured† electoral group, and this situation renders politics a dead end for Blacks, or at the very least, we have reached the point where there are diminishing marginal returns for political participation. For the future, anyways, looking to politics to help assimilate Blacks socially and economically is ineffective, but this outcome could not at all have been predicted by Dubois. The relative social upheaval of the Civil Rights Movement changed the racial landscape in America forever, and it appears that in this new world, a hundred years later, Dubois theory is no longer sufficient. Having come to this conclusion for Dubois’ model of assimilation for the future , we can now turn to Asian Americans, who have more or less followed Washington’s model from the beginning. Despite being an extremely racialized group upon their first arrival in the United States, arguably even more racialized than Blacks on the West Coast, Asian Americans have always managed find an economic foothold anyways. For example, in an analysis of California’s history of racial hierarchy, Tomas Almaguer notes that early on, â€Å"the success of this Japanese ethnic enclave in California agriculture was dramatic: by 1925 nearly 50 percent of the Japanese population was engaged in small farming† (Almaguer, 186), and this success is despite overwhelming racial animosity and legal obstacles, such as laws mandating segregation in schools, laws rendering Asians ineligible for citizenship, and laws preventing Asians from owning land. Asians have persevered, demonstrating that it is still possible to achieve some progress without the law on your side. This view runs directly counter to Dubois’ conviction that political power is necessary for economic and social progress, and gives some credence to Washington’s focus on economic progress. However, there are two glaring complications to extending Washington and Dubois’ model to Asian Americans of today. First, as mentioned before, the political landscape has changed since the Civil Rights Movement. We can argue that Asian Americans’ extraordinary economic and social success today further demonstrates that politics and private affairs are not as intertwined as Dubois believed, but we have to take into account that the Asian Americans of today immigrated primarily after 1965, and have had the full advantage of the Civil Rights Movement which Blacks worked so diligently to bring about. Without those critical political developments, it is hard to speculate how Asian American assimilation might have progressed from their rather humble beginnings in California. The second complication is the fact that Washington and Dubois never meant their theories to apply to immigrants—they were specifically formulated for Blacks. Asian Americans’ phenomenally fast economic growth, outstripping anything Washington might have dreamed for a minority, was aided by the fact that many of them were what is termed â€Å"human capital immigrants† (Alba and Nee, 239), and were already very highly educated upon entry into the United States. Moreover, â€Å"immigrant parents, regardless of their own educational attainment, appear to emphasize to their children the importance of education as a route to success in the United States and to maintain relatively strict homework regimens (Alba and Nee, 239). Thus, Asian American success cannot be contributed entirely to the intrinsic merit of the economic focus which Washington advocated; a moiety may stem from their immigrant status as well. So, the waters are muddied and Asian-Americans are not stric tly a model of Washington-type assimilation, nor can they be seen as a direct refutation of Dubois’ theory. One cannot rule out the possible influence of Civil Rights Era programs and immigrant status on Asian American success. However, it is this same immigrant status that has also contributed to Asian Americans’ inability to penetrate politics and assimilate completely. Branded as â€Å"aliens ineligible for citizenship† ever since they first appeared in substantial numbers in California, they have been politically marginalized and viewed as a threat. Today, Asian Americans are clearly eligible for citizenship, but are somehow still not politically involved. Claire Jean Kim provides a framework for examining this phenomenon. She theorizes that Asian Americans suffer from â€Å"civic ostracism†Ã¢â‚¬â€in other words, they are perceived as perpetually foreign, no matter how many generations they have been in the United States. â€Å"White opinionmakers continue to police the boundary between Whites and Asian Americans by imputing permanent foreignness to the latter. They do not overtly deny civic membership to Asian Americans; yet their skepticism about the legitimacy of Asian American participation in public life and their readiness to see Asian American public figures as agents of a foreign power powerfully constrain what civic privileges Asian Americans do enjoy† (Kim, 126). Thus, Asian Americans are still effectively barred from being accepted in public life. Kim raises the example of a 1996 presidential campaign finance scandal, where opinionmakers were so quick to believe that Asian donations were part of some secret Communist plot, which resulted in the Democratic National Committee telephoning donors with Asian-sounding surnames and interrogating them without any evidence. Simply the Asian-sounding surname was enough to trigger vague connections to some menacing foreign plot. This insidious perpetual foreignness bar ring the way to effective Asian American participation in politics basically forces Asians to concentrate on economic means to assimilation. Thus, because Washington did not mean his theory to apply to immigrants who have the danger of being civically ostracized, the failure of his economic approach to complete assimilation for Asian Americans is perhaps not all due to shortcomings in his theory. Furthermore, this â€Å"civic ostracism† Kim outlines is like Frymer’s â€Å"electoral capture† in that both are clearly beyond the scope of Washington’s or Dubois’ original theory, so ultimately neither model alone can quite account for the present, or have an applicable prescription for the future. In the end, we have two groups following two different models of assimilation, ending up in two radically different places. While comparing the assimilation paths of Asian Americans and Blacks is a useful way of comparing Washington’s and Duboisâ€℠¢ models of assimilation, it has its limits. The Civil Rights Era so changed the political landscape that Dubois’ original faith in political agitation, conceived in an era where Blacks had almost no civil rights, may now be misplaced, as Frymer’s analysis suggests. Moreover, the extraordinary success of Asian Americans today may also be partly attributed to these already existing civil rights which had their roots in the 1960s, thus complicating the evaluation of Washington’s conviction that focusing on economic progress is the best way. In this manner, the radically altered political landscape makes both theories inadequate for today. A further circumstance that renders both theories somewhat inadequate is Asian Americans’ status as immigrants, which may contribute both to their extraordinary economic success, and their inability to politically assimilate. Therefore, we cannot know if it was a flaw in Washington’s focus on economics or their imm igrant status and â€Å"civic ostracism† that contributes to Asian Americans current incomplete assimilation. In conclusion, what we have are two prescriptions for assimilation which, taken singly, are insufficient for today’s circumstances. Perhaps a genuine dual approach is necessary. If we could apply Washington’s economic approach with Blacks (who, not being Asian American immigrants, do not suffer from â€Å"civic ostracism†), perhaps the extraordinary economic and social success Asian Americans have seen can be translated to Blacks. Moreover, within a few years, Asian-Americans have the potential of becoming a larger force in politics by sheer growth in numbers. If political participation short of electoral capture could be combined with that existing economic assimilation, the results for Asian Americans might well be astounding. Thus, though neither model is sufficient as a road to assimilation today, some combination may be the key for the future . Works CitedAlba, Richard, and Victor Nee, â€Å"Evidence of Contemporary Assimilation,† Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and contemporary Immigration.Almaguer, Tomas. Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California. University of California Press: Berkeley, 1994. Blank, Rebecca M., â€Å"An Overview of Trends in Social and Economic Well-Being, by Race.† America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, (Vol. I): 264-301. Dubois, W.E.B. The Souls of Black Folk. http://www.bartleby.com/114/index.html. 12/19/2004. Frymer, Paul. Uneasy Alliances: Race and Party Competition in America. Princeton University Press, 1999. Kim, Claire Jean. â€Å"The Racial Triangulation of Asian Americans,† Politics and Society, (Vol. 27, No.1):105-138. Thernstrom, Stephan, and Abigail Thernstrom. American In Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible. Touchstone: New York, 1997. Washington, Booker T., â€Å"Two Thousand Miles for a Five -minute Speech,† â€Å"The Atlanta Exposition Address.† Three Negro Classics.

Factors Influencing How Children Behave And Act - 1633 Words

Terence Garvin English 4, 2nd A January 20, 2015 Mr. Cohen Senior Project The key factor in determining how children behave and act is a result of the environment in which they grow up in. Seemingly unimportant as it may seem, the environment has a dramatic influence on adolescents, witnessing improper or deviant behavioral traits can be critical towards their personality. Children are open minded and observe what goes on around them then imitate what the actions. Whether it is a physical or verbal exhibition children tend to pay close attention to things that are relatively new. As children interact with their environment, they learn problem solving skills, Critical thinking skills, and language skills according to (www.gdrc.org). The†¦show more content†¦Most families who are financially troubled live in poverty, rely on the welfare system to make up for discrepancies in career choices. Children who are raised in a state like this often turn to the streets to earn a income. The streets is a reference to crimes such as selling illegal drugs, guns , robbery, etc. In 1990, some 16.3%(1,749,343) of the total number of arrests in the United States were of youth 17 years of age and younger, and 5.5%(95,677) of these arrests were for violent crimes(www.Princeton.edu) One parent households typically affect children far greater since the child is raised by a single parent. According to (www.livestrong.com) the number of single parent houses continue to rise since the 2012 U.S census, which affect academics and social behavior. Most single-parent households are run by mothers, and the absence of a father --coupled with lower household income -- can increase the risk of children performing poorly in school (livestrong). On average the children may have males come and go out of their lives and tend to desecrate themselves as a result. The children feel not loved due to their father s absence and the lack of a father figure to guide them. Necessary this is not always a reaction from the child, some become more motivate from this fact. The biggest problem that affect children is poverty, poverty is the lowest social class that

Visual Art Beauty And Beauty - 1802 Words

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Introduction to Telecommunication and Network Engineering

Question: Describe about the Introduction to Telecommunication and Network Engineering. Answer: Introduction Youi Pty Ltd, a registered general insurance company based in Australia is in need for innovation in terms of the network infrastructure for accommodation of growth and fulfilling the future demands of the users. It is crucial for the company to design new telecommunications systems, best suited to the needs of the organization. The plan proposed in the report comprises of different types of the nodes acting as the communication channel. The main aim is to implement a plan to suffice the future needs of the organization (Buede and Miller 2016). Proposed Infrastructure of the new headquarter of the company Figure 1: Proposed Network Infrastructure for Youi Solutions for Network Convergence and Unified Communication The convergence of the network as well as the unified network solutions may comprise of features such as text messaging, voice mails and web conference facilities. The implementation of the unified network solutions can prove to be useful in reducing the cost of the long distance as well as the intra office communication. Moreover, the reduction in the cost can help in improving the performance and the communication process by reducing the interval of time. The convergence solution, which may be applied to Youi, should consider: Selection and transmission of the traffic, which may prove to be helpful in lossless communication and improve the efficiency of the operations of the company The focus can be given on developing the control of the flow of the data traffic. It may assist in increasing the usability and the efficiency of the developed network plan In order to trigger the network flow, it is crucial to initialize the congestion notification for the different offices of the company Formulation of the bridging process and the data centers can prove to be helpful in exchanging of the network protocols in order to increase the compatibility and the usability of the overall network (Wang et al. 2014). Types of LAN and plan for cabling for an integrated business operations A significant improvement can be made with the application of the various cables in network and LAN connections. Among the different types the of the available LAN options the company need to select the most appropriate. In order to create single network and build implement the different types of the connections the company look forward to implement the CAN (Controller area network technology). This type of connection is mainly established by the usage of various types of the resources available. The MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is primarily required for the purpose of the connecting varied geographical locations (Mazalan et al. 2013). There are several types of the cabling options available to connect the network with one another. Some of them include Twisted Pair Co-axial Fiber Optic The application of the cabling varies with one another. For instance, the main use of the twisted pair of cables is seen in the implementation of the Ethernet terminals. Hence the cabling connection needed for the future requirements can include: Data transmission speeds up to 100 MPBS and keeping consistency with the network The company may further consider using a standard network instead of a patched one Connection of the end point of the cables with Rj-45 connector (Nadji et al. 2016). WAN connection for collaborating the global branches and headquarters The WAN (Wide Area Network) can be implemented in the following ways: Dynamic: Ethernet cables can be used for interconnecting the terminals and the process configuration by assignment of the appropriate IP address for the host. Static: Static IP can be used for increasing the Network security and binding of both IP address and MAC with is essential in keep a check on both the internal as well as the external risks. PPPoE: In case Youi Pty Ltd intends to connect the internet with a given password and username, then it may consider using this feature. Others: Some of the WAN connection protocol is seen with the implementation of WAN, PPTP and L2TP. This may significantly improve the network efficiency, which are completely dependent network service provider (Partanen et al. 2014). Transmission media and connecting devices for the operations of business This is defined as the process of transferring data form one point to another. In general, there are two types of the transmission media, which can be used for the network connection. The selection of the transmission can include both bounded and unbounded media. In case of the bounded media, the connection needs to be confirmed with the help of the physical links. It is also important for defining of media guide. It has been seen that the bounded media consists of the external conductors, which is generally bounded by jacket materials. These materials are mainly of three types including twisted pair cable, Coaxial cable and the presence of the fiber optic cable. The use of bounded transmission media can proved to be very helpful for the company (Rogasch and Fitzgerald 2013). Managing DNS and IP The process of IP management is primarily seen managing, planning, and the tracking of the various types of the details of the IP address in the used network. IPAM consists of the integrated DHCP and DNS and it can prove to be useful in creating awareness about some of the facts. DNS management is can be essential in controlling of the clusters, which are deployed for the different types of the physical users. It will be further able to reduce the scope of human error by the validation automatic data distribution through DNS data (Roka 2012). Network Services for Youis new headquarter Network types and services offered Some of the important types of the network servers includes: LAN: The implementation of LAN can prove to be useful for making connections in the hardware of the computer within the headquarters of the company. The wired network may prove to much more useful in making the process of communication seamless. WAN: It will be able to assist in providing wider latency in the order to facilitate the business needs as and when required. WLAN: This will help to minimize the cost of the equipment, which are required for designing of different types of connection for the headquarters based in Youi Pty Ltd. Moreover, the companys global office and the wide collaboration will be able to make the communication process more effective in nature. SAN: Satellite Area Network will be able to assist in making the satellite communications process more effective at Youi. It will add significantly for improving the overall operations. PAN: The implementation of the Personal Area Network may prove to be vital in connecting the different types of the stakeholders with the company. VPN: Virtual Private Network can be useful in the formation of a remote access with the appropriate ISP and the securing of the tunnel in the office network of the company. Implementation and suggesting the use of network services in new headquarter of Youi LAN: This will prove to be particularly important in the new headquarters of the company by the adaptation of the relevant and important steps. In order to implement this, at first the company needs to realize capacity along with the network for the business centers. After the completion of the designing process with a proper network layout, the company can consider using the routing protocols for the different types of the network connections. It will be further useful making the backup in a centralized way for the operations at Youi. WLAN: This can be implemented by the usage of the wireless networks and creating a remote accessibility and generation of a wireless communication among the branch offices with the PAN: Personal area network can be implemented from the appropriate internet service provider by requesting of a static IP addresses. The IP address is unique and therefore the maximum-security protocol can be provided. The new headquarter of Youi must use PAN in order to make the network more secure for the company. The company should further ensure to use this concept for the making the network more secure in nature to meet the future needs (Tang and Zhang 2013). Facilities for Data Processing at Youis new headquarter Data storage solution for Youis new headquarter The company can consider using the following data storage factors: Hadoop- This method is presently considered to be most advanced system for data storage is one of the most renowned systems for data storage, which helps in managing huge amount of data of business processes. It helps in providing massive amount of data storage facility. Cloudera- This brand will be helpful in providing the appropriate open source solution with various types of information related to the company. Data Mining- It is one of the processes that are useful in discovering the various insights of databases for extracting the various web pages (Partanen et al. 2014). Backup and DR- The operations is seen as helpful for the managing of the relevant data from the rational operations especially in trading (Thaler et al. 2012) Models for Data processing Six subdivisions can be created to be including online processing, multiprocessing, batch processing and many more such techniques. Batch processing May be particularly useful in handling of the large quantity of data of the company. The online processing of the data will be further essential in allowing of the data for the utilization. Multiprocessing approach of the data will be particularly useful in the processing of large number of data along with simultaneous operations (Willars et al. 2012). Conclusion It can be seen that Youis headquarter can aid in implementation of LAN in the networking design for the different types of the operators. Furthermore, the company can prove to be helpful faster processing of the data and overall integration of the data at the proposed headquarter. It can be further stated that the Hadoop be used to manage and storing the data in large quantities for the various type of the business operations. List of Reference Buede, D.M. and Miller, W.D., 2016.The engineering design of systems: models and methods. John Wiley Sons. Mazalan, L., Hamdan, S.S.S., Masudi, N., Hashim, H., Rahman, R.A., Tahir, N.M., Zaini, N.M., Rosli, R. and Omar, H.A., 2013, November. Throughput analysis of LAN and WAN network based on socket buffer length using JPerf. InControl System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE), 2013 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 621-625). IEEE. Nadji, Y., Dagon, D., Antonakakis, M. and Joffe, R., 2016, September. Enabling Network Security Through Active DNS Datasets. InResearch in Attacks, Intrusions, and Defenses: 19th International Symposium, RAID 2016, Paris, France, September 19-21, 2016, Proceedings(Vol. 9854, p. 188). Springer. Partanen, J., Chetty, S.K. and Rajala, A., 2014. Innovation types and network relationships.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(5), pp.1027-1055. Rogasch, N.C. and Fitzgerald, P.B., 2013. Assessing cortical network properties using TMSEEG.Human brain mapping,34(7), pp.1652-1669. Roka, R., 2012.Fixed transmission media. INTECH Open Access Publisher. Tang, Q.Y. and Zhang, C.X., 2013. Data Processing System (DPS) software with experimental design, statistical analysis and data mining developed for use in entomological research.Insect Science,20(2), pp.254-260. Thaler, D., Draves, R., Matsumoto, A. and Chown, T., 2012.Default address selection for internet protocol version 6 (IPv6)(No. RFC 6724). Wang, W., Shi, W., Rollinger, V., Wu, Y. and Nova, M., Misonimo Chi Acquisition LLC, 2014.Systems and methods for voice and video communication over a wireless network. U.S. Patent 8,780,770. Willars, P., Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (Publ), 2012.Priority bearers in a mobile telecommunication network. U.S. Patent 8,300,575.

Why Polo Ralph Lauren Expand in Singapore free essay sample

Polo Ralph Lauren is known as a strong brand with a strictly American image. Consumers from around the world know the Polo brand and with the world becoming more and more Americanized there is much opportunity for the company to enter the growing Asian market. Summary The Polo Ralph Lauren brand was started by American entrepreneur Ralph Lauren in 1967. At the time he was working for a company called Beau Brummell Neckwear. Lauren designed an innovative tie that was wider than other ties on the market at the time. He then convinced Beau Brummell Neckwear to sell his ties inside the Empire State Building. The ties sold like crazy which led to the establishment of Polo Ralph Lauren. Lauren named the brand Polo after the popular horse racing sport because the sport represents prestige and elegance in the United States; a sport that only America’s noble and elite can play and afford. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Polo Ralph Lauren Expand in Singapore or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore, Ralph Lauren’s target customers were those who had an above average income. This is a desire and goal that Ralph Lauren was determined to meet with his Polo brand. In 1969 the company opened its first boutique store inside Bloomingdale’s, an Upper East Side New York department store. In 1971, the first stores of Polo Ralph Lauren fashion appeared in Beverly Hills, California. Ten years later Lauren became the first American designer open a shop in London. Cureently, Polo Ralph Lauren has grown to be a well-known brand, not only for tie but also for all fashion items particularly fashion for men. However the brand is not limited to only menswear. Polo also provides childrenswear, womenswear, swimwear, sportswear and even home decor items. Following this paragraph is a brief description of Polo Ralph Lauren’s top selling brands. Polo by Ralph Lauren: provides a complete menswear wardrobe with distribution through Ralph Lauren stores and Department stores. Polo Sport: A line of men’s active sportswear RLX Polo Sport: Complete in the sports apparel market by offering clothing for running, skilling, cycling etc. Polo Golf: This collection of men and women’s golf wear Blue Label: classic women’s weekend wear. Environmental Assessment The environmental analysis of a company allows the company to get a clearer picture of the threats and opportunities in the external environment of the company. From the results, the company can provide suitable strategies to exploit opportunities and eliminate threats. I have broken the business environment of Polo Ralph Lauren into 4 parts. Political and legal, economic, social and cultural, and technological. Political and Legal environment Public policy must always be considered when looking at the business environment. One of the reasons why Singapore was chosen over other Asian countries was because of its government stability. Singapore currently has many policies in place to support foreign business. They provide a stable economy with low interest and banking rates as well as a competitive tax system. Singapore also has no restrictions on foreign exchange management making it more convenient and for foreign investors to transfer capital and profits in and out of Singapore than in some of the other countries in Asia. The Singapore commercial law now contains other pro-business components. Foreign investors are not required to participate in the activities of joint venture or franchising. Singapore government also does not restrict foreign investors to protect their domestic industry for any reason. All of these factors help make company executives and investors alike to grow and develop their company in Singapore. Economic Environment Singapore is seen by most as a well developed country with a dynamic business environment. Business ideas can easily turn into the reality because of the countries flexible business environment, low history of corruption, high financial transparency and price stability. Also, the economy does not receive much interference from the government and it only the legal matters of setting up a business is usually taken care of in as little as 3 days to set up. Since 2002, the tariff has been stable and less than 1% which helps to increase business financing. There are also very few products are taxed in Singapore. According to the 2010 World Bank assessment of business environment, Singapore is considered easiest country in the world to start a business. Singapore also has been labeled the Worlds second most free country by The Heritage Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom in 2010. Singapore’s stable economy is not highly affected by inflation rates and market fluctuations. This is a key factor Polo Ralph Lauren to succeed in Singapore’s market. Because the country is so developed, consumers are more likely to comfortably purchase a luxury brand item such as Polo Ralph Lauren. Social and Cultural Environment Singapore is located in the middle of South East Asia. Between countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei. Singapore is known as a trade center for Southeast Asia, which brings much diversity to the nations culture and social life. Based on the demographics alone, Singapore is filled with the multi- ethnic people and a wide variety of different cultures. Total population in Singapore was over 5 million this year. 7% of the population is Chinese, 14% Malaysian and just over 7% of the population is Indian. The diverse nationalities and cultures of Singapore have a drastic effect on the style and behavior of the people in Singapore. The traditional family values seem to still be in tact but the Western World is definitely having an impact on the country’s youth as it is in most of Asia. The strong western influ ence is what allows for the Polo Ralph Lauren company enter the Asian market and be succesful in the Asian market. American brands are seen as prestigious in Asia and Polo is one of America’s more prestigious brands. It is a must have for American’s so it will become a must have in Asian countries as well. Technological Environment Technology is so important to Polo Ralph Lauren’s success in Singapore. The development of information technology has played a significant role in creating innovative distribution strategies, media strategies, advertising strategies and so on. According to Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA), Total Internet Users in Singapore is well over three million which means that over three-fourths of the population has internet access. With the internet being so popular in Singapore it is easy for citizens to find product information as well as information about the current fashion trends. Currently about 10% of all Singaporean’s that use the internet use it for purchasing goods. As this number continues to grow more opportunities for companies to develop online catalogs and ordering systems will grow as well. Polo already has a website full of useful product information and also an online ordering system. The website currently operates in over thirty countries including Singapore. Opportunities and Threats Opportunities The Polo Ralph Lauren company has much opportunity to develop in Singapore and other parts of Asia. Economic theory says that the company will see their sales increase as the World’s economy continues to recover and the country of Singapore continues to develop. The rapid growth of the economy spend on shopping has greatly increased the standard of living of many Singaporean citizens and as a result people will spend more money while shopping. Singapore is becoming more and more of a tourist attraction. Many foreigners come from all over the world and while they are there they will shop. The key tourism drivers for Singapore are travel and Mice (meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions). In 2011, Singapore’s tourism industry welcomed over 3 million tourist, business, and MICE visitors. This generated revenue of over 6 million dollars. With Polo being such an attractive brand globally, the company can definitely benefit from Singapore’s tourists both business and leisure. Threats Polo Ralph Lauren’s products are marketed customers of middle and high-class. The key players in this market tend to be Tommy Hilfiger, Guess, and Calvin Klein, etc. Competitors have used some tools such as pricing, quality, and design. Because of this, Polo Ralph Lauren has expanded the range of its market. So it faces competition in each price point from discount to luxury. The price of Polo Ralph Lauren products tend to be more expensive than their competitors. For example: The new Lauren line will feature jackets from $230 to $250 and pants from $119 to $139, whereas Calvin Klein will offer pants and skirts at the price of $125. Competitive Analysis of the Industry Harvard Business School professor and author of many well known business strategy books Michael Porter designed what he calls the â€Å"Five forces† to analyze the competitive environment of a business. The five forces he lists are rivalry among existing firms, threat of new entrants, substitute products or services, bargaining power of suppliers and bargaining power of buyers. The stronger each of these forces the more competitive a company is in its industry. Rivalry among existing firms In most industries, corporations are mutually dependent. For a competitive movement of one firm, it can be expected to have a noticeable effect on its competitors and thus may cause retaliation† (Wheelen, 2010, pp159). Growth in the apparel industry will boost competition and help eliminate the weaker competitors. To be able to survive in the market, companies need to continuously improve product quality, keep up with the current trends and adapt to new customer care services. Polo is threatened by competition from Guess and Tommy Hilfiger. For the luxury range designers, Prada, Gucci and Versace are the direct competitors of Ralph Lauren. However, with the power of Ralph Lauren brands, loyal customers and designed in classic American style that allows it to mitigate the threat. Ralph Lauren targets the upper price point range where consumers are light price sensitive, so competition is less fierce. For the Polo Ralph Lauren, the threat of rivalry from competitors is moderate. Polo Ralph Lauren’s Top Competitors Giorgio Armani Calvin Klein Hermes DKNY Lacoste Armani Exchange DKNY Van Heusen DKNY RLX Prada Sport Nike, Reebok, Adidas, etc. Threat of new entrants â€Å"Normally, new entrants to an industry bring to it new capacity, a desire to gain market share and substantial resources. They are, therefore, threats to an established corporation. The threat of entry depends on the presence of entry barrier and the reaction that can be expected from existing competitors† (Wheelen, 2010, pp159). An entry barrier is created to prevent a company to enter an industry. It requires considerable resources to launch market and distribute products in this industry, not to mention a recognizable brand. There are many difficult factors for new entrants such as suppliers, distributor’s channels, product diversification, product differentiation and the ability to negotiate with retailers. Thus, they must spend large amounts of time and money on building brand loyalty and raising customer knowledge. With a strong reputation, the risk for new entrants of Ralph Lauren is considered to be low. Threat of substitute products and services â€Å"A substitute product is a product with some differences but can satisfy the same need as another product† (Wheelen, 2010, pp160). With the numerous brands at different price points ranging from the low end to the high-end black and purple label, the companys products can meet all the needs of customers. It is considered that the threat of substitutes for Polo Ralph Lauren would be low since there are no considerable apparel substitutes that would cause customers to switch to another industry. Bargaining power of suppliers â€Å"Influences of suppliers come from their ability to raise prices or reduce the quality of purchased goods and services† (Wheelen, 2010, pp159). In a diverse market, if the numbers of suppliers is smaller to supply a variety of customers, suppliers will have relative power that can be used to influence price. Supplier’s power in some aspects of this industry is high since a large portion of Ralph Lauren revenue comes from licenses. Therefore, the financial viability and operational ability of licensees are depended on by Polo Ralph Lauren. The same applies to many of Ralph Lauren’s manufacturers in Asia which are affected by the potential of political instability or workers rights violations. Generally, the threat of suppliers is high since major brands compete for manufacturers and switch manufacturers is costly. Bargaining power of buyers The customer is the key factor in the buying process. They decide where to buy the product and the price they want to pay for it. They can choose what to buy and from what company. Therefore, the companies should create value and set a price that the customer is willing to pay Buyers affect an industry through their capacity to reduce the prices, deal for higher quality or more services, and even play competitors against each other. Polo Ralph Lauren’s revenue mainly stems from wholesale that supplies its products through several department stores in the wholesale channel. When the buyers order products, depending on the quantity they could integrate backwards and control this channel of distribution, hence the threat of buyers can be considered moderate. The revenue of retail segment is about 45. 5% of Ralph Laurens total revenue in Fiscal Year 2010 as retail sales grew to $2. 2 billion. Ralph Laurens retail segment runs through the chain of 326 retail and factory outlet stores as well as online stores. The individual buyer has no influence on the price of the products offered. Core Competencies of Polo Ralph Lauren (How) Jay Barney is considered to be the father of the modern Resource- Based View. According to his theory companies can sustain a competitive advantage through heterogeneity of firm- level differences. So in order to maximize returns, companies must change the mode of management selection strategies with the important task of indentifying and developing and deploying key sources. Value: when they enable a firm to conceive or implement strategies that improves its efficiency of effectiveness. It allows the firm to differentiate products or services and create unique value. Polo Ralph Lauren is a strong brand that has been known for many years by many consumers. Companies earned higher profits from their products than other appeal companies because of the loyalty associated with the brand. Customers not only bought products designed good brands but also have products with high quality that are designed based on the classic American style but still very elegant and durable. Polo Ralph Lauren has a variety of products at different price points from popular products to the high- level design. Rare: valuable firm resources possessed by large number of competing firms cannot be sources of either a competitive advantage or a sustainable competitive advantage. Competitors do not have access to the resource. Good quality has created long-term reputation for Ralph Lauren. Polo Ralph Lauren has a very wide range of products but each one has lasted for years, their craftsmanship is very hard to find. The company also has special product lines such as products designed specifically for the Olympic Games or Ralph Lauren Polo handmade woven design silk tie which cannot be found in other companies. Imperfectly inimitable: because of a combination of the following: unique historical conditions, causally ambiguous, social complex. Competitors cannot easily copy or reproduce the resource. Popular branding consultant Scott Davis stated in his book Building the Brand that â€Å"Lauren apparel becomes part of who the customer is by striking a deep emotional chord with that customer. Ralph Lauren’s customers feel good about themselves†. The emotional value aims the brand transcend other brands. Other companies can be able to copy the design of Polo Ralph Lauren products but not the feeling. Currently, the products of Polo Ralph Lauren still remain as one of the industry’s most powerful design and it is favored by the general public. Non- substitutable: There must not be strategically equivalent valuable resources in terms of rareness or imitatibility. Equivalent resources that may allow for a similar strategy are not readily available. Fashion is a part of lifestyle, Polo Ralph Laurens products have created the excitement for consumers through the design and its brand thus these products must reflect the consistency and long-term use. The feelings and experiences are not easily forgotten. The objective of the company is constantly creating a change in style but not losing their uniqueness. The theories listed will definitely aid Polo Ralph Lauren as they continue to expand on the Singapore market. Playing off their image as a uniquely American luxury brand is in their best interest while the world is becoming more Americanized. Works Cited Barney, Jay B. , and Delwyn N. Clark. Resource-based Theory: Creating and Sustaining Competitive Advantage. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. Print. Events. Welcome to WorldBank Group. World Bank Group, n. d. Web. 24 Apr. 2013. lt;http://web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,pagePK:158889~piPK:146815~theSitePK:223547,00. htmlgt;. IDA Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore. IDA Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore. Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore, n. d. Web. 24 Apr. 2013. lt;http://www. ida. gov. sg/gt;. Please Select Your Location. Cal vin Klein. Calvin Klein, n. d. Web. 24 Apr. 2013. lt;http://explore. calvinklein. com/en_US/gt;. Polo Ralph Lauren Corporation (RL) Financial and Strategic SWOT Analysis Review. Researchandmarkets. com. Research and Markets, Mar. 2012. Web. 25 Apr. 2013. lt;http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/1291183/polo_ralph_lauren_corporation_rl_financial. pdfgt;. Ralph Lauren. Ralph Lauren. Polo Ralph Lauren, n. d. Web. 24 Apr. 2013. lt;http://www. ralphlauren. com/gt;. Wheelen, Thomas L. , and J. David Hunger. Concepts in Strategic Management and Business Policy: Achieving Sustainability. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2010

Women in the Middle Ages essays

Women in the Middle Ages essays WHAT ROLES WERE AVAILABLE TO WOMEN IN EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE? The history of women in the Middle Ages is difficult to write. Few women where literate; their opportunities to record their own thoughts and feelings and attitudes were restricted; the bulk of medieval records were written by men for men. This statement by Christopher N.L. Brooke seems to be a quite good introduction to an essay about the roles available to women in the early Middle Ages. It reminds us how difficult is to write a female history and we can easily imagine the even greater lack of information we have to face in lower classes women history. What we do know is that there were some women playing important roles in early medieval society. If they were an exception or not and what allowed them to assume such positions is what we are going to find out. This essay will mainly focus its attention on Frankish and Anglo-Saxon societies in the early Middle Ages. Women of that period should be first distinguished because of their birth. Therefore, the lives of women born in the royal families and in the upper classes will be analysed separated from the lives of those belonging to the lower classes. Marriage is a factor of division among medieval women, furthermore. Therefore, we will speak about queens, wives, widows, concubines and nuns. The family structure in the early Middle Ages was basically patriarchal. Women had rights but they were not allowed to appear in front of a judge in order to defend them. Moreover, they could not administrate directly their patrimony and laws about heredity were not favourable to them. Basically, women belong to their parents while they were nubile and to their husbands while they were married. According to Germanic laws, marriage was arranged between the womans tutor and her future husband who gave on that occasion a bridegift, usually called dos or Morgengabe. This marriage was, on a juridical point of vi...

Dietrich Mateschitz - Red Bull Events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dietrich Mateschitz - Red Bull Events - Essay Example The Austrian graduate in Business Management and billionaire developed his marketing skills, amongst other things, with the German Blendax company. Since 1987, Dietrich Mateschitz is trading with his â€Å"Red Bull GmbH† to reach world leadership in the Energy-Drink sector. He tried out a different concept which helped him in creating a product differentiation amongst other beverages available in the market. In order to create a market for the product he targeted the health conscious and sports loving youth, and rest is the history. The brand label of â€Å"Red Bull† is ever since associated with strength and endurance in sporting events. In association with a Thai partner, he conceptualized the idea of coming out with catchy slogans and contemporary advertisements, which appealed to the youth segment (Dolan, 2005). In addition this entrepreneur came forward in sponsoring extreme sports sponsorships. Terry and Franklin (1994) say that competence for a leadership job is the product of both inherited and acquired qualities. Therefore the leader has to be a good learner, so that he can acquire ideas and concepts while keenly observing the world around him and capitalize on the stronger points of the business entity while trying to minimize the effects of weaker points. During one of his many business trips to Asia with Blendax, he got to know about the booming market for energy- and adrenaline drinks, which were totally unknown in Europe and the Western part of the World. In 1983 he bought the license for such a drink and founded the business â€Å"Red Bull† together with his Thai partners Chaleo and Chalerm Yoovidhya in 1984. After some changes of the mixture and the development of the marketing concept, the product was launched in Austria in 1987. The Name â€Å"Red Bull† was directly translated from the former Thai name of the product â€Å"Krating Daeng†. ‘Often copied never equaled’ is